3. Nautical Instruments

3.35   AMERICAN BOXED COMPASS.  Pristine early 1900’s small craft boxed compass made by the noted early nautical manufacturers Wilcox-Crittendon, Connecticut as indicated on the North point of the composition card by the conjoined “WC.”  This very high quality dory compass is all bronze with its liquid compass card marked in points and degrees.  It is calibrated in one half points of the compass rose with the Cardinal and Intercardinal points indicated.  Further, the periphery of the card is marked in degrees by 5’s with the 10 degree increments noted.  This high quality compass has a brass pivot with agate bearing.  It is suspended in it its bronze gimbal ring mounted in the original machine dove-tailed mahogany box.  The label in the lid is stamped “APR  27 1928 “(?).  The gimbal operates properly and the compass is lively and accurate.  The compass body measures 3 inches in diameter.  The box is 4 ¾ inches square and 3 ½ inches high.  They really don’t come any nicer than this – with label, date, condition and all the bells and whistles.  Priced well below its current market value.   SOLD

3.33  ARTIFICIAL HORIZON.  Mid-1800’s marine navigational device used to simulate the earth’s horizon when the actual horizon was not visible.  This fine English example was made by the noted London instrument makers “Henry Hughes & Son,” as beautifully as extolled on the firm’s trade label in the lid.  This quality instrument consists of a pyramidal cover glazed on both sides.  The frame is blackened brass to prevent glare and the beveled optical glass panels are precisely set at 90 degrees to each other.  The cover fits snugly over the heavy cast iron tray with curved edges to contain the mercury.  To those ends a very stout metal bottle with pourable cap and threaded inner stopper is provided to contain and pour mercury in the tray.   Two pivoting boxwood arms hold the bottle in place.  The entire apparatus is neatly contained in its lovely hand-dove-tailed mahogany box with hinged lid, skeleton key lock and 2 hook and eye closures. Surprisingly this compact instrument weighs a hefty 10 pounds!  The device itself, as configured for use, measures 6 ¼ inches long by 3 ¾ inches wide and 4 1/8 inches high.  The box measures 7 ½ inches long by 6 inches wide and 5 inches deep, and is of exceptional quality as evidenced by  the slight wooden “skirt” around the base of the box.  Overall condition is nothing short of exceptional.  If this device was ever used, it was done in the most respectful manner. 1595 

When the ship’s navigator took a sighting with his sextant or octant he was measuring the angle between a heavenly body and the earth’s horizon.  With that information and the exact time the measurement was taken the ship’s location could be determined.  But what if the horizon was taken at night, or it was obscured by haze or fog?  An answer was the artificial horizon.  A few varieties were employed, including the use of a bubble level.  The most popular of these devices in the 18th and 19th centuries was the mercury horizon.  Instead of sighting the horizon, the navigator would take his reading of the heavenly body reflected from the surface of the mercury pool.  Since the surface of the mercury was level, (at least in theory) the reading was precise.  The problem was the constant movement of the ship made it difficult, if not impossible, to take a stable reading.

3.34  18th C. NAVIGATOR’s RULES.  Especially nice parallel rolling rules made by the preeminent English makers “W. & S. JONES * 30 HOLBORN LONDON” as marked in the center.  This early navigational instrument is made of ebony and ivory with brass fittings.  It consists of an internally weighted rolling axle with corrugated brass drums on each end.  The drums grasp the surface of the chart allowing the instrument to travel in a parallel direction.  Of special note are the ivory ends of the roller which trace from 0 to 2 inches in increments of 1/10th inch when rolled.  This complication is in addition to the fact that the leading edges are ivory scales marked in tenths of inches from 0 to 12!  Absolutely pristine original condition in all respects.  It is hard to believe this original instrument is more than 220 years old!  349

William and Samuel Jones began their scientific instrument manufactory on Holborn Hill, London in1791.  (Gloria Clifton, “Directory of British Scientific Instrument Makers 1550-1851, 1995, National Maritime Museum and Philip Wilson Publishers, Ltd.)

3.32  IMPORTANT EARLY AMERICAN COMPASS.  Authentic early 1800’s sailing ship’s main steering compass.  This extra large dry compass has a beautifully-engraved card marked in points of the compass rose down to one half points, with the Cardinal and Intercardinal points identified.  North is designated by a very elaborate fleur-de-lis which is embellished with multiple draped flags, a handsome American Federal eagle, Union shield, star spangled canton and a classic fouled anchor below.   The center bears its high quality jeweled pivot.  Surrounding the center the card is boldly signed “S. THAXTER & SON, Boston.”  The compass is housed in its original weighted brass bowl slung in gimbals.  The brass bezel retains its old wavy glass held in with putty in the traditional manner.  The compass is lively and accurate, swinging correctly in its original pine box held with copper nails.  The original chamfered sliding lid is present, opening and closing properly.  The compass measures 7 inches in diameter and the box is 10 inches square by 6 3/4 inches high.  The entire presentation is in excellent condition considering it is circa 1830 and nearly 200 years old!   A wonderful original relic from the days of the early Yankee packets and later clippers that is still functional!  A museum piece at a very reasonable price.   895

Samuel Thaxter was born in 1769, and was apprenticed to William Williams.  Thaxter initially started business at Butler’s Row in 1796, moving to 49 State Street in 1806.  The firm name changed to Samuel Thaxter & Son in 1826 located at 125 State Street, Boston.  (M.V. Brewington, “The Peabody Museum collection of Navigating Instruments,” 1963, Peabody Museum, Salem, Massachusetts).
(See also item 3.20/4.17)

3.29  HELMSMAN’s HELPER.  Ingenious pilot house device used to assist the man at the wheel to maintain the ordered compass course heading.  This unique hand-made instrument is of the finest quality. It is not a production item, but was likely made by a very skilled ship’s carpenter.  It is fabricated entirely of wood with brass fasteners and three glazed “windows.”  Within are faceted solid wood spindles.  The first spindle on the left bears the numbers “0” through “3.”  The second and third spindles are numbered “0” through “9.”  By means of the knurled brass knobs on the bottom this arrangement allowed the Captain or Mate to indicate the full range of ship headings in degrees from “000” through “360.”  This substantial device measures 13 ½ inches wide by 5 inches deep and 6 1/4 inches high inclusive of the brass knobs.  The back is marked in crayon “220 C. Hine.”  There are traces of light green paint indicative of its being mounted to the pilot house bulkhead just forward of the helm.  While there were certainly other forms of simple helmsman’s helpers, this is the most elaborate we have ever seen. A great digital “pre-digital” example! 895

3.31  INCLINOMETER.   Very finest quality turn-of-the-last-century English steamship’s pilot house clinometer with white enameled dial signed “<HEZZANITH>.”  This precision navigational instrument is marked in single degrees of the ship’s heel (roll) from 0 to 50 port and starboard, marked by 10’s.  A knurled thumbscrew at the bottom locks the pivoting indicator need in place when the instrument is not in use.  The heavy solid brass case is mounted to a lovely laminated backboard having 3 brass brackets.  Attaching only the top bracket allows the instrument to rotate and the needle to move.  If all 3 brackets are attached it will register as designed on a rolling ship.  The brass case is 8 ¾ inches in diameter on the flange.  With brackets the entire assembly measures 12 inches across and weighs a hefty 9 pounds.  WAS $795 NOW! 295
The venerable firm of Heath & Co. was originally founded by Thomas Heath, the mathematical instrument maker in 1720 on the Strand, London.  By 1910 the firm was located at 2 Tower Royal, Cannon Road, London producing instruments under the trade name “Hezzanith.”         (M. V. Brewington, “The Peabody Museum Collection of Navigating instruments,” 1963, Peabody Museum, Salem, Massachusetts.)

3.28  PRISTINE BOXED COMPASS.  Turn-of-the-last-century American small craft boxed compass by the famous maker “E. M. Sherman, Seattle, DIRIGO Trade mark,” as signed on the composition compass card.  This liquid-filled compass has a rose marked in points of the compass down to ½ points and is also marked in 10’s of degrees on the periphery.  North is denoted by a fancy fleur-de-lis.  The center has a high quality agate pivot.  The detailed card is a mere 2 inches in diameter while the bronze compass body is 3 inches across.  It is set in its stout bronze gimbal ring.  The entire unit is mounted in its machine dove-tailed oak box with lid.  Two brass hooks and 3 dowelled “keepers” assure the box closes securely.  4 ¾ inches square by 3 ¼ inches high.   Unbelievably, this item is over 100 years old!  They don’t come any nicer.  389

The well-known Dirigo compass was first manufactured in Lexington, Massachusetts by boat builder and violin maker Eugene M. Sherman in 1907.   Sherman was born in Somerville, Massachusetts to a New England seafaring family in 1872.  “Dirigo,” translated from Latin means “I Lead.”  In 1911, Sherman moved to the Pacific Northwest where he opened his compass making business in Bellevue, Washington.  This compass dates to his early manufactory.   He sold his stake in the company in 1944.

3.26  LOG TIMER.  Authentic mid-19th century ship’s timer used in conjunction with a chip log to determine a ship’s speed and position using dead reckoning.   Of significance, this navigational instrument was commercially-made.  It consists of a hand blown glass vial with two bulbous section connected by a narrow neck in the middle.  One of the bulbs contains a cloth plug by which iron filings were inserted.  The glass is contained within two turned wooden discs supported by 4 simple wood columns.  The discs are decoratively scribed with concentric circles and the end with the plug bears a paper label.  The embossed lettering reads “28 SECONDS.”  It is difficult to read but is legible under magnification.  The timer measures 2 7/8 inches in diameter and stands 4 ½ inches tall.  It is in working condition and surprisingly accurate.  679

The exact origins of sand timers are unclear, although they are generally attributed to the Arab world.  From ancient times the passage of water was used as a measurement of time in "water clocks." As a follow-on, the "fluid dynamics" of flowing sand was seen to be similar. "By the Middle Ages the sand-glass came into its own, fragile though it was, this was the first clock which the men who made the great voyages of discovery took with them." (Jean Randier, "Nautical Antiques for the Collector, 1977, Doubleday & Co., New York, page 96).  "Dating old sand glasses can be difficult, but the color or tint of the bulbs is a help. The glass was greenish up to about 1700. During the 18th century it was darker; then in the 19th century it gradually acquired the transparency of crystal.  There were also variations in the actual sand which, prior to about 1720, was reddish or orange-red in color.  After about 1720, white or green sand was increasingly used." (Alan Major, "Marine Antiques," 1981, A.S. Barnes & Co., New York, pages 178-179.)

Mariners have used the chip log for dead reckoning navigation since the first known description of the device in print.  That was "A Regiment for the Sea" by William Bourne in 1574.  Bourne devised a half-minute sand glass for timing.  At that time, a mile was the equivalent of 5,000 feet.  At a speed of one mile per hour a ship would travel about 42 feet in 30 seconds:

Distance in feet = 1 mile/hour (3600 seconds) = 30 seconds x 5000 feet / 3600 seconds = 42 feet

In early times the length of the log-line was measured directly by sailors as it passed through their hands. With the introduction of the nautical mile as a standard unit of measure at sea in the 15th century, they began to mark the line at equal intervals proportional to the nautical mile and to the time interval used for measurement.  At first the markings were simply knots in the line.  Later, sailors worked identifying knotted cords into the log-line.  Most ships used knots spaced 7 fathoms (42 feet) apart.  The time interval was therefore directly related to distance between knots in the line.  Using 6,000 feet (or 2,000 yards) for 1 nautical mile, the above formula yields 28 seconds for a distance of 7 fathoms.  With the advent of steam propulsion and faster ships in the first half of the 1800’s, the duration of the sand timer was cut to 14 seconds.

 3.27  BOXED COMPASS.  An exceptional late19th century example of an American boxed compass for a small vessel.  This especially high quality navigational instrument has many unique features.  It has a pristine engraved compass card backed by mica fitted with a prominent agate pivot housed in brass.  The cardinal and intercardinal points of the compass rose are identified and the North point is denoted by an anchor, attesting to this instrument’s maritime function.  The periphery of the compass card is divided in single degrees marked by 10’s in recurring in 90 degree quadrants.  The old wavy glass crystal covers the compass and is set in the bezel with traditional putty.  Of particular note, the glass is etched in the 4 quadrants, N. E. S.W. and a lubber’s line denotes the heading.   The compass is set in a solid brass bowl of weighted construction, allowing it to gimbal freely.  It is mounted with its brass gimbal ring in its lovely solid mahogany box.  The quality of the box is especially noteworthy.  Aside from being the richest form of dense African mahogany, it has exceptional features.  The lid has a tongue and groove interface to prevent dust and moisture from entering.  On the front it has 2 precision sliding brass locks for closure.  The top of the lid is equipped with a folding brass handle – a feature seen on chronometer boxes.  The back of the box has 2 brass stop hinges which allow the box to be opened for viewing, but not fall back - another chronometer box feature.  This is the first such compass of its kind we have ever seen with these extra details!  The compass is 4 inches in diameter.  The box measures 6 1/8 inches square by 4 ½ inches high.  Remarkably well preserved condition.  Certainly one of the nicest compasses of its type we have ever encountered.  Very rare.  SOLD

3.25   SEXTANT PAMPLET.  How to use a sextant, entitled “How to Find Your Position With The Master Sextant.”  This instructive paperback booklet contains 15 pages crammed with information on how to take a sighting with a sextant and then use that information to compute the longitude.  There are also sections on how to use the sextant as a pelorus and as a heliograph.  Well illustrated with charts and line drawings.  Published by Davis Instruments, San Leandro, CA.  Condition of the cover is fair.  Content is fine.  Shipped First Class mail at no additional cost.  16

3.21  VERY EARLY LOG TIMER.  Quite exceptional mid-1700’s or earlier ship’s log timer of  28 seconds  used in the dead reckoning method of navigation to determine a ship’s speed.  This amazing survivor from the early days of sail is of classic form with 2 hand-blown greenish glass vials conjoined in the middle with wrapped leather and twine.  The frame consists of two oak discs connected by 4 turned pine columns which hold the discs together while protecting the vials.  Both ends of the timer discs exhibit concentric circle decorations.  The timer measures 6 inches tall and 3 1/8 inches in diameter.  It is in excellent original condition considering its 250+ year old age!  The sand runs strong and is nearly accurate.  A true museum piece if ever there was one! SOLD 

The exact origins of sand timers are unclear, although they are generally attributed to the Arab world.  From ancient times the passage of water was used as a measurement of time in "water clocks." As a follow-on, the "fluid dynamics" of flowing sand was seen to be similar. "By the Middle Ages the sand-glass came into its own, fragile though it was, this was the first clock which the men who made the great voyages of discovery took with them." (Jean Randier, "Nautical Antiques for the Collector, 1977, Doubleday & Co., New York, page 96).  "Dating old sand glasses can be difficult, but the color or tint of the bulbs is a help. The glass was greenish up to about 1700. During the 18th century it was darker; then in the 19th century it gradually acquired the transparency of crystal.  There were also variations in the actual sand which, prior to about 1720, was reddish or orange-red in color.  After about 1720, white or green sand was increasingly used." (Alan Major, "Marine Antiques," 1981, A.S. Barnes & Co., New York, pages 178-179.)

Mariners have used the chip log for dead reckoning navigation since the first known description of the device in print.  That was "A Regiment for the Sea" by William Bourne in 1574.  Bourne devised a half-minute sand glass for timing.  At that time, a mile was the equivalent of 5,000 feet.  At a speed of one mile per hour a ship would travel about 42 feet in 30 seconds:

In early times the length of the log-line was measured directly by sailors as it passed through their hands. With the introduction of the nautical mile as a standard unit of measure at sea in the 15th century, they began to mark the line at equal intervals proportional to the nautical mile and to the time interval used for measurement.  At first the markings were simply knots in the line.  Later, sailors worked identifying knotted cords into the log-line.  Most ships used knots spaced 7 fathoms (42 feet) apart.  The time interval was therefore directly related to distance between knots in the line.  Using 6,000 feet (or 2,000 yards) for 1 nautical mile, the above formula yields 28 seconds for a distance of 7 fathoms.  With the advent of steam propulsion and faster ships in the first half of the 1800’s, the duration of the sand timer was cut to 14 seconds.

3.22  TINY AMERICAN BINNACLE.  Absolutely charming, near miniature compass binnacle.  This diminutive device is made of rich mahogany with dove tailed joints and brass hardware.   For viewing it has a glazed “trap door” in front, hinged at the top and splined for durability.  The old wavy glass is held in place with putty in the traditional manner.  The window measures 2 ½ by 3 ¾ inches.  Inside, the all brass compass is dry,  suspended in its original brass gimbal ring.  The compass card is marked down to ¼ points of the compass rose with the Cardinal and Intercardinal points identified.   It is further marked in single degrees on the periphery, identified by 10’s.  Speaking to its quality it has a jeweled center pivot and 4 bar magnets for accuracy.  The card measures 3 inches in diameter; the compass bowl 4 ¼ inches across.  The top of the binnacle has a folding brass handle for carrying and retains hook and eye closures on both sides to secure the door.  The inside rear of the binnacle retains the original old maker’s label reading ‘WILCOX CRITTENDON & Co., Inc., Middletown, Conn., U.S.A.” stamped with an illegible date “FEB 14…”  What is truly remarkable about this little binnacle is that it is complete with its darling oil-fired binnacle lamp for night viewing.  The lamp has its original whale oil burner which screws into the bottom with a bayonet twist.  The glazed lens fits into a brass aperture on the back of the binnacle opening above the compass.  A spring-loaded clip with a “keeper” insures a secure fit.  The existence of a detachable side lamp on such a small binnacle is extremely rare.  This fact more than doubles its value and appeal!  The binnacle measures a mere 6 inches wide by 7 inches tall exclusive of the handle and 9 inches deep inclusive of the lamp.  Outstanding original condition in all respects.  The compass is lively and accurate, gimbaling freely within its housing.  945

3.16 EXCEPTIONAL NOCTURNAL.  Splendid, incredibly rare and eagerly sought after by advanced collectors, instrument used by early mariners for telling time at night, hence the name “nocturnal.”   This 17th century English example is made of rich golden brown boxwood with square and hexagonal brass “nuts” framing the sighting hole.  It measures 10 ¾ inches overall including the index arm.  The dial is 4 5/8 inches in diameter.  It is complete with the rotating volvelle and a rotating pointer arm for alignment with the stars of the big and little dippers ( Ursa Major and Ursa Minor) the greater and lesser bears, labeled “GB” and “LB” respectively. The instrument is divided and stamped with scales for the date, hour, lunar age, and polar distance, with a detailed compass rose on the reverse.  The handle has a lovely pierced heart design and is stamped on the front side “BOTH BEARS.”  Condition is absolutely phenomenal.  It is the best wooden nocturnal we have ever seen in or out of public holdings.  6889

In use the volvelle is set to the correct date with the selected constellation.  Holding the nocturnal is held vertically, the Pole star is sighted through the central hole.  The long arm is then aligned with the stars of the dipper.  So-aligned, the local time is indicated on the central scale  The scale on the reverse also gives the correction for Pole Star elevation in order to compute the latitude.  The lunar age scale permits determination of high and low tides.  As such, it was a simple but very effective early multi-function navigational tool.  Because of its simple wooden construction very few examples survive.

See “TESSERACT” catalog of early scientific instruments Summer of 1999, Number 64, item 18.  It depicts a similar, smaller nocturnal with some condition issues, which sold for $8,750.  Adjusted for in inflation it was $15,845 in today’s dollars.  A further consideration is that this nocturnal is now even a quarter of a century older!

3.20/4.17 WHALESHIP COMPASS.  Genuine mid-19th century American drycard compass as used on an American whaleship.  This extra large compass has a beautifully-engraved card marked in points of the compass rose with the Cardinal and Intercardinal points identified.  North is designated by a very elaborate fleur-de-lis which is signed “Breed, Boston.”  East is embellished with a handsome American eagle perched on a Union shield, clutching arrows and olive branches.  The periphery of the card is marked in single degrees in 4 quadrants marked by 10’s.  The center bears its high quality jeweled pivot.  The card is undoubtedly that of Samuel Thaxter & Son, Boston circa 1825.  In our inventory we have an identical card thus signed.  What is so interesting is the fact that the compass was obviously restored by Sherman of New Bedford, bearing the overlaid label surrounding the pivot reading “C. R. SHERMAN * NEW BEDFORD*.”  Sherman was THE preeminent maker/provider of instruments and navigational supplies to whaleships at the height of Yankee whaling in the 1860’s and 70’s.  The compass is housed in its original weighted brass bowl slung in gimbals.  The brass bezel retains its old wavy glass held in with putty in the traditional manner.  The compass is lively and accurate, swinging correctly in its original pine box held with copper nails.  The original chamfered sliding lid is present, opening and closing properly.  Of additional interest and value is the fact that the outside of the box bears the partial label reading “Repaired By C. R. Sherman & Co., 40 North Water Street, New…”  The compass measures 7 inches in diameter and the box is 10 inches square by 7 inches high.  The compass and its box are in excellent condition considering they are 200 years old.   A wonderful original relic from the days of Yankee whaling which is still functional!  A museum piece at a true bargain price.   945

Interestingly, the inside bowl of the compass bears some hand written inscriptions reading:

Charles R. Sherman began his apprenticeship with John Kehew in New Bedford, Massachusetts in 1849.  He took over the company in 1865 under the name C. R. Sherman & Co. at 49 North Water Street.

Samuel Thaxter was born in Hingham, Massachusetts in 1769 and was apprenticed to the Colonial American instrument maker William Williams.  Thaxter began his own business at 1 Long Wharf, Boston in 1792.  Thaxter took his son into the business in 1822 on State Street, Boston.  (M.V. Brewington, “The Peabody Museum of Navigating Instruments,” 1963, Peabody museum, Salem Massachusetts.)

Aaron Breed (1761-1817) was a little known maker of mathematical instruments who worked in Boston into the 19th century. He specialized in nautical, mathematical and optical instruments, with an address at 173 Broad Street, and another at No. 2 Rowe's Wharf, "At the Sign of the Quadrant."  Breed made surveying instruments in brass and in wood.  A brass instrument is in the Henry Ford Museum, and a wooden instrument is in the collection of Old Sturbridge Village.  The latter is fashioned from walnut with an engraved compass card inscribed "Aaron Breed Boston."

3.13  18th CENTURY COMPASS.  Museum worthy mid-1700’s or earlier English-made travelling compass of the finest quality.  This handsome instrument features the classic compass rose found on such early instruments.  The card is hand-engraved paper set on a mica backing supported on a brass pivot with clear agate bearing.  The card is marked in 32 points of the compass with the Cardinal and Intercardinal points identified.  North is denoted by a fancy fleur-de-lis and East bears the traditional archaic decoration.   The circumference of the card is marked in single degrees identified by 10’s.  The center of the card around the pivot is decorated with a subtle octagon design.  The card is housed in its cylindrical brass case with scalloped bezel containing old wavy glass. Of special note is the fact that the original press-on cover with knurled rim is still present after 250+ years!  3 ¼ inches in diameter and 1 3/16 inches thick.  Virtually pristine original condition showing expected age patina.  WAS 895 NOW! 495

The earliest usage of the compass in the Western world took place during the Crusades from Europe to the Holy Land in the 11th century A.D.  It was during these Crusades east that the Christian cross became symbolic of the "East" point on the compass rose. The tradition of the "decorated East" point remained with mariners until the late 18th century.

3.15  EARLY AMERICAN OCTANT BY IMPORTANT  MAKERS.  A fine Captain’s navigational instrument made by America’s foremost 19th century instrument makers “E. & G. W. Blunt, New York” as hand-engraved on the large arc.  This especially beautiful all brass instrument bears a large inlaid silver arc calibrated in single degrees from -4 to 115, sub-divided by 20 arc minutes, marked in 10’s.  The silver vernier scale on the index arm is calibrated from 0 to 20 arc minutes subdivided by 30 arc seconds, giving a theoretical accuracy of about ½ nautical mile at the equator.   The index arm is provided with a pivoting magnifier for a precise reading.  The cast solid brass frame supports the sight tube holder, index mirror, 4 index filters, horizon mirror and 3 horizon filters, all of which are without damage, complete and functional.  The reverse of the instrument retains its lovely sculpted rosewood handle, mirror adjustment apparatus and 2 brass “feet.”   It is fitted into its original keystone mahogany box bearing the partial label of the equally revered nautical instrument makers “THAXTER & SON, Boston.”  This early style box is in remarkably well preserved condition, with none of the typical cracks, and is complete with both optics, 2 sun filters and adjusting wrench.  The instrument measures 9 ¾ inches long on the index arm and 8 ½ inches wide on the large arc.  The fitted box measures 11 inches tall by 11 inches wide.  Seeing is believing.  For the well versed collector, they really don’t come any nicer than this!  SOLD

The fact that the large arc is calibrated up to 115 degrees designates this instrument as an “octant” rather than a sextant, which would exhibit a scale of 130 degrees or more.

3.10 EARLY SEXTANT.  Particularly well preserved 19th century English sextant made by the noted scientific instrument makers “Negretti & Zambra, London” as finely engraved in script on the large arc.  This classic 3-circle sextant has an inlaid silver scale reading from -5 to 160 degrees, effectively making it a “quintant.”  The scale is marked in 10’s of degrees and each degree is subdivided to 10 arc minutes.  The silver vernier scale at the bottom of the index arm reads from 0 to 10 arc minutes right to left, subdivided in 10 arc second increments, theoretically allowing for an accuracy of 30 nautical miles.  In use the index arm has a knurled thumbscrew stop and a fine adjust tangent stop.  A pivoting magnifier and a frosted glass light diffuser are mounted on the index arm for viewing the reading.  This all brass instrument is complete with both mirror boxes, height adjustable telescope holder, all 4 index filters and complete set of 3 horizon filters.  It retains its original blackened finish throughout.  The back has its original 3 “feet” for mounting in its box and its lovely sculpted solid rosewood handle.  The index arm measures 8 ¼ inches long and the large arc is 9 inches wide making for a very diminutive instrument.  The handsome solid mahogany box is of hand-dovetailed construction with brass furniture.  It contains one long telescope with 2 interchangeable eye pieces, a separate peep site and screw-on sun filer.  The box has two hook and eye closures, the original skeleton lock with escutcheon and folding brass drop handle.  It is in remarkable condition with no major cracks in the large single panel lid.  It measures 9 ¼ by 9 ½ inches by 4 ¾ inches thick.   Fabulous cosmetic condition.  1285

For someone considering a single quality instrument of this type to fill out a nautical collection, this is it!

The partnership of Enrico Negretti and Joseph Warren Zambra began at 11 Hatton Garden, London in 1850.  Exhibiting at the Great Exhibition at the Crystal Palace London in 1851, they won a Prize Medal.  Thereafter the business expanded rapidly and they were awarded the Royal appointment of instrument makers to the Queen and the Prince Consort.  The firm was the most prolific manufacturer of scientific instruments in the second half of the 19th century in England.  The partnership made all manner of quality scientific instruments, best noted for their barometers and telescopes.

(Edwin Banfield, "Barometer Makers and Retailers 1660-1900," 1991, Baros Books, Wiltshire).

A later English sextant with a large crack in the lid is currently offered on eBay with a Buy It Now price of $1600.  (eBay item 274510165846)

3.14/5.46  U.S. NAVY CLINOMETER.  Authentic World War II fighting ship's pilot house inclinometer made for the Navy by the John L. Chaney Instrument Company.  The face of the Bakelite body is engraved:

This precision device is calibrated in single degrees of heel port and starboard up to 70 marked by 10's.  The reading is made by a small black ball within a curved glass tube containing fluid.  The fluid acts to dampen (slow) the ball as the ship rolls.  This is exactly the same principle used in an aircraft's turn and bank indicator.  The instrument measures 12 ½ inches wide by 6 ¼ inches high.  It is in excellent original condition. The action of the ball is perfect.  395

3.11 BOXED COMPASS. Late 19th century American small craft boxed compass made by the “Coston Supply Co., New York” as stenciled on the bottom of the bowl. The composition card is marked in ½ points of the compass with the cardinal and intercardinal points identified. North is denoted by a classic fleur-de-lis and “Polaris.” It is mounted on a high quality jeweled pivot. This all brass compass retains its handsome original black e-enameled surface. The compass is slung in gimbals, mounted in the original mahogany box with lid, held by 2 pivoting hooks. The compass measures exactly 3 inches in diameter and the box is 4 ½ inches square by 3 ¼ inches high with lid. Excellent original condition throughout showing signs of use but no abuse. 329

The Coston Company was established in 1840 by Benjamin Franklin Coston, inventor and manufacturer of night signals and ship rockets. He continued as head of the business until his death in 1901, when the business was incorporated. In the early 1900’s the company expanded its product line to include life-saving appliances for ships as well as general steamship supplies. But it was always best known as an innovator and leader in ships’ distress signaling devices.

3.09  EXCEPTIONAL QUADRANT.   Fourth quarter 18th century mariner’s navigational quadrant (octant) by the famed English makers W & S. Jones as engraved on the bottom of the index arm “W. & S. Jones 30 High Holborn, London.”  This especially fine instrument is an excellent example of state-of-the art instrumentation produced by the world class London makers in the 1780’s.  Certainly the Jones were members of that elite cadre, evidenced by the superior quality embodied in this instrument.  Speaking to this, the frame is made of rich rosewood instead of the more common ebony of the time.  The long index arm has a riveted brass index scale with ivory vernier.  Of major concern to instrument makers of the era was the accuracy of their instruments, given conditions at sea which could affect expansion and contraction due to  humidity and temperature.  Prior to 1780 most instruments were made entirely of wood.  But during this innovative era makers began incorporating brass into their instruments.  Ultimately brass became the sole material used in sextants of the mid-1800’s and later.   This instrument has both index and horizon mirrors AND backsight.  A full complement of 3 interchangeable sun filters is present and the peep sight has the early form pivoting shade.   The lovely solid ivory scale is calibrated in single degrees from -2o to 98o divided by 20 arc minutes.   The index arm has the early form index arm stop with knurled thumbscrew.  The ivory vernier is calibrated in single arc minutes from 0 to 20, thus rendering an accuracy of one arc minute.  The center brace is fitted with an ivory pencil for recording readings.  The reverse of the frame is complete with all 3 knurled brass “feet,” both mirror box adjusting apparatus and an inlaid ivory trapezoidal “note pad” for recoding sightings.  It is also complete with brass arm stop on the right side.  16 inches tall by 13 inches wide.  Absolutely outstanding state of original preservation for such an instrument 240 years old.  Without question museum quality.  Truly bargain-priced!  Please compare comparable quality instruments offered by other sellers.   This is the best!  Value $1595  NOW!  1195

The highly esteemed firm of William and Samuel Jones was begun in 1791 or earlier.  William Jones was listed as optician in 1787.  The partnership was prolific in its output of high end scientific instruments which included, barometers, compasses, globes, orrereys, microscopes sundials, telescopes, quadrants, thermometers, and planetaria among others!

(Gloria Clifton, “Directory of British Scientific Instrument Makers 1550-1851,” 1995, Zwemmer Press The National maritime Museum, Greenwich).

3.06  BINNACLE INCLINOMETER.  Authentic World War I era pilot house binnacle clinometer made by the noted American makers Kelvin and Wilfred O. White as boldly marked on the silvered brass dial "KELVIN-WHITE CO. BOSTON & NEW YORK."  This precision nautical instrument features a blackened brass pendulum bob overriding an arched scale reading in 2 degree increments from 0 to 40 degrees port and starboard.  It is housed in its solid brass case under glass.  The back is curved to fit the front of the binnacle and there are mounting tabs on each side to accommodate screws.  Functional original condition with a lovely age patina to the brass surfaces.  The silver dial is perfect.  179

3.05  EARLY PARALLEL RULES.  Very rare set of navigator's parallel rules of American manufacture.  This scarce hand-made 18th century plotting device has large limbs of fruitwood (pear or apple) consistent with the manufacture of American backstaves of the era.  The connecting swing arms are made of brass, exhibiting slight irregularities typical of one-of-a-kind production.  The 2 limbs measure 17 inches long each and are 1 ¾ inches wide.  The fact that they are 17 inches in length differentiate them from the standard 18 inch English versions.  Also the fact that they are of an indigenous American hardwood and not ebony is telling. International trade in America was in its infancy in the early 1700's.  Importation of exotic materials was very limited requiring "home grown" alternatives.  Excellent original condition showing a wonderful working age patina acquired after more than 250 years. SOLD

3.04 NAVIGATOR's  PROTRACTOR.  Patented 19th century American navigational device which consists of a T-square mounted on a long brass arm over which a brass circle with compass rose is mounted.   The circular rose is divided to ¼ points of the compass with the cardinal and intercardinal points identified.  North is designated by a classic flue-de-lis.  The rose is mounted in such a way that it slides the full length of the supporting arm while being able to rotate a full 360 degrees.  The pivot point is off center allowing for cross hairs to pinpoint the precise point on a chart.  This ingenious device is of all brass construction.  It is stamped with maker's mark "J. W. STRANGE Manufacturer, BANGOR, ME."  It is additionally marked"Pat'd June 13. 1876." The long arm measures 16 inches in length and the cross bar 4 ½ inches.  The disc is 4 inches in diameter.  Outstanding original condition with nice golden lacquer surfaces, virtually the same as it was when made 140+ years ago!  A very rare American navigational relic. 389

3.60 RARE SEXTANT.  "Hoppe's Improved Sextant, LONDON, No. 271."  Very, very early 1800's lattice frame sextant by Ebenezer Hoppe who was a mathematical and optical instrument maker at Edward Street, Limehouse Fields, London, beginning in 1801.  Hoppe's idea was to brace the sextant frame much like the crossed trusses of a bridge, to maintain its rigidity and thus its accuracy.  The beautiful inlaid sterling silver scale on the large arc is marked from -5 – 145 degrees subdivided divided by 15 arc minutes.  The braced brass index arm carries the silver vernier scale calibrated from 0 – 15 arc minutes subdivided to 15 arc seconds.  The attached pivoting magnifier aids in taking a precise reading.  The back of the arm has a positive thumbscrew stop and the vernier has a tangential fine adjustment thumbscrew.  This instrument is complete with both mirror boxes and a full set of 4 index filters and 3 horizon filters.  The backside is equipped with an elegant sculpted rosewood handle and three brass "feet" for positioning in the box.  The index arm is 11 inches long and the large arc is 12 inches wide.  The early style keystone box is constructed of rich African mahogany with telltale very thin dovetail joints.  It contains one functional telescope, 2 partial telescopes and a screw-on sun filter.  Condition of the instrument is remarkable considering it is approximately 220 years old.  The brass surfaces have acquired a deep age patina.  The box is sound, with a few expected age cracks but no damage.   It measures 12 inches high by 13 ½ inches wide and 5 inches thick. The box lock is missing.  The lid bears the partial label of the famous Pacific Northwest chandler, Max Kuner of Seattle.  2149

Ebenezer Hoppe was apprenticed to the renowned early instrument maker Michael Dancer in 1793.  Hoppe died in 1821.  (Gloria Clifton, "Directory of British Scientific Instrument Makers 1550-1852, 1995, Zwemmer, Philip Wilson Publishers, London).

3.00  EARLY AMERICAN WOODEN SEXTANT.   Rare, American-made wooden sextant with the ivory maker's label reading "B: K: HAGGER & SON, BALTIMORE."  This high quality navigational instrument has limbs of rich ebony with inlaid ivory scales and brass furniture.  The large arc is calibrated from -7 to 134 degrees marked by 5's.  Each degree is subdivided to 20 arc minutes.  The ivory vernier scale mounted on the braced brass index arm is calibrated in single arc minutes from 0 on the right to 20 on the left, providing the navigator with a theoretical accuracy of one nautical mile.  To aid in reading, a pivoting magnifier is attached to the index arm.  A thumbscrew on the rear provides a positive stop while the tangential fine adjustment knob allows an accurate reading.  This superior instrument has both index and horizon mirrors, all 4 index filters and all 3 horizon filers.  The adjustable height sighting tube holder contains a long telescope.  The back is equipped with an early form sculpted rosewood handle, 3 brass "feet," and the apparatus for adjusting the horizon mirror box.  The instrument is double braced both vertically and horizontally for assured accuracy.  The index arm measures 11 inches long and the large arc is 10 ¾ inches wide.  Wooden sextants are very scarce, especially those made by American instrument makers.  Circa1820.  Fine condition.  Make no mistake, this is a "sextant" made from rare ebony wood, predating those in the latter half of the century that were made of brass.  Truly a bargain price for such a museum-quality example.  The appraised value is double or more.  895

Benjamin King Hagger, named after his famous uncle, was born in Boston in 1769.  He began business in instrument making as early as 1784, but certainly by 1789.  In 1816 he moved to Baltimore where he set up business as a nautical instrument maker and ship chandler.  Soon after his son joined him in the business.  In 1834 the elder Hagger died and the firm name changed to Hagger & Brother.  (M.V. Brewington, "The Peabody Museum Collection of Navigational Instruments," 1963, Peabody Museum, Salem, Massachusetts, page128.)

3.91   NAVIGATOR's RULES.  Spectacular!  An absolutely HUGE set of parallel rules made by England's premier 18th and 19th century scientific instrument makers, "TROUGHTON & SIMMS . LONDON" as marked in the mid-section.  These rules are constructed of rich ebony with brass fittings measuring an amazing 3 feet ¼ inch long by 3 ¼ inches wide!  The set has 3 pivoting brass arms vs. the usual 2.  The size of the individual planks of solid ebony is impressive, particularly in light of the limited world trade in rare woods in the early 1800's.  Condition is outstanding and original in all respects.  One must ponder what type of capital ship would require parallel rules of such massive size?  795  

3.89   PROTRACTOR & RULE.  Genuine mid 19th century American ship's navigator's chart rule with directional protractor.  This ingenious device was made by "L. MORGAN & SON 650 E. 12. ST. N.Y." as stamped on the silvered brass back plate.  It consists of a heavy rosewood rule with silvered brass edges.  Inset into the middle is a semicircular protractor marked in segments of the compass rose with north at the top, divided east to west in one quarter points .  The protractor rotates to the appropriate course or line of bearing and is locked into placed by the knurled brass knob at the top.  Just above the pivot point the protractor is marked "PAT. JAN. 19 69.  This high quality precision navigational instrument measures 17 inches long by 2 ¼ inches wide on the rule itself.  With the silvered protractor it stands 4 ¼ inches high.  This is a very rare  American navigational instrument of exceptional quality circa 1870 in beautiful original condition.  669

3.90  IMPRESSIVE COMPASS.  Fabulous very early 1800's American boxed compass made by Wm. Davenport of Philadelphia as signed in beautiful script from east to west..  This exceptionally handsome drycard compass has a compass rose marked in single points of the compass with the cardinal and intercardinal points identified.  Then on the periphery it is marked in single degrees on the 4 quadrants between the cardinal points.  The northpoint is designated by an extremely ornate fleur-de-lis.  Of special note is the fact that the East point is decorated with floral embellishments indicating its early origins.  Speaking to the quality of construction the center pivot has an agate bearing.  The hand-engraved paper card overlays a stiff mica backing with bar magnet below.  The card rides on its central pivot contained in the large brass bowl covered by the original old wavy glass.  The compass body is slung in brass gimbals mounted in its original rich mahogany box measuring 10 inches square and 6 inches high.  This box never had a cover indicating it was used as protected inside the ship as the master direction finder.  1295

William Davenport was born in 1778 and was apprenticed to Philadelphia instrument maker William Dean.  He took over Dean's business in 1802.  (M. V. Brewington, "The Peabody Collection of Navigating Instruments," 1963, Peabody Museum, Salem, Massachusetts).

3.88/ 5.04  PATENT NAVY PARALLEL RULES.  Rare 4th quarter of the 19th century navigator's parallel rulers made by John Bliss and Co., in accordance with LCDR Sigsbee's patent.  This beautifully preserved set is made of ebony with brass fittings.  It is uniquely constructed in such a manner so as to allow the limbs of the instrument to fold over the chart and align at a distance from the indicated course.  This allowed the navigator to "hop scotch" across the chart without sliding the rules over the map's surface.  The upper rule is stamped "PAT. FEB.24' 80."  Remarkably, it is preserved within its original cardboard box with label reading "PATENT PARALLEL RULE U.S. NAVY PATTERN JOHN BLISS & CO., Under Patent granted Feb. 24  to Liuet-Comdr, C. D. Sigsbee U.S. NAVY."  The rules are in absolutely perfect original condition measuring 15 inches long by 2 5/8 inches wide.  The original box is 15 ¼ inches long by 3 inches wide and ½ inches thick.  As expected the box shows considerable wear after 140 years.  But the label with minor losses  is still legible.  595

Charles Dwight Sigsbee is best remembered as the Captain of the ill-fated Battleship Maine which exploded in Havana Harbor, Cuba on February 14, 1898, sparking the Spanish-American War.  Following his service as a junior officer in the Civil War Sigsbee was assigned to the Hydrographic Office in 1871, then the Coast Survey in 1874 where he commanded the Coast Survey steamer BLAKE from 1875 to 1878.  He returned to the Navy Hydrographic Office from 1878 to 1882 at which time he invented this unique parallel rule.  He then served as chief hydrographer in the Bureau of Navigation from 1893 to 1897.  During his service on BLAKE he developed the Sigsbee sounding machine, which became a standard item of deep-water oceanographic equipment for the next 50 years.

An identical item "Sigsbee's Patent Parallel Rules No. 272" is held in the collection of the Peabody Museum, Salem, Massachusetts.

3.83  "WOODEN" BOXED COMPASS.  Federal Period 19th century American boxed compass made by "ROBt  MERRILL & SONS * NEW YORK*" as engraved on the paper card.  This first quarter of the 1800's compass has a bowl turned out of wood!  The old style drycard is engraved with a compass rose divided down to ½ points marked by cardinal and intercardinal notations.  It is mounted on its classic mica disc.  North is designated by a fancy fleur-de-lis and the East point is embellished with scrollwork.  The center brass pivot has a quality agate bearing.  The card, measuring 4 inches in diameter, rests in its wooden bowl protected by wavy glass.  The compass body is slung in the old type thin brass gimbals mounted in its dove-tailed pine box.  It measures 5 inches in diameter. The entire presentation is in surprisingly excellent condition for such an early instrument of this type.  The compass is accurate and it gimbals properly within its box. These early wooden bowl compasses are highly desirable.  Due to their construction, few have survived the elements.  This is a GREAT example approximately 200 years old!  Truly a collectors' piece at a very, very reasonable price.  695

3.79  VERY EARLY AMERICAN BINNACLE.  First quarter 1800's boat binnacle by the esteemed American makers Samuel Thaxter and his son as indicated around the pivot point of the drycard compass "S. THAXTER & SON. Boston."  This very rare navigational instrument has a heavy solid brass housing.  Within is contained the high grade drycard compass marked in points of the compass rose down to ½ points, with the cardinal and intercardinal points identified.  Speaking to its quality it has an agate bearing in the brass pivot and the card is backed by mica.  Two other significant attributes are its decorated east point, and the fact that the innovative compass bowl is brass and not wood, as used up until about 1820.  We were told by the original owners this compass is dated "1818," but we have not opened the body to confirm.  The compass bowl and its gimbal are supported within the very substantial binnacle housing with glazed viewing port.  The top is fitted with a heavy duty suspension ring for portability.  The side bears an auxiliary lamp for night viewing.  It contains a small font with whale oil burners – again, a testament to its early origins.  The compass measures 5 ½ inches in diameter.  The cast brass binnacle base is 9 ½ inches in diameter and the binnacle stands 11 ½ inches tall exclusive of the ring.  Totally complete and in excellent original condition in all respects, showing its great age.  1179

Samuel Thaxter was born in Hingham, Massachusetts in 1769.  In 1792 he began his business as a ships' chandler and nautical instrument maker at 1 Long Wharf, Boston under the name Samuel Thaxter.  In 1796 he moved to 49 State Street.  The firm name became Samuel Thaxter & Son in 1822, the latest possible date of this compass.  (M.V. Brewington, "The Peabody Museum Collection of Navigating Instruments," 1963, Peabody Museum, Salem, Massachusetts.)

The earliest usage of the compass in the Western world took place during the Crusades from Europe to the Holy Land in the 11th century A.D., and it was during those Crusades east that the Christian cross became symbolic of the "East" point on the compass rose. The tradition of the "decorated East" point remained with mariners until the early 19th century.

3.78   1700's QUADRANT.  Large 3rd quarter of the 18 century English navigational instrument known as a "Hadley's Quadrant," later referred to as an "octant."  This imposing device has limbs of rich, almost ebony-like rosewood, with brass furniture and ivory inlays.  The large arc is calibrated in degrees from -4 to 94 in 20 arc minute increments marked by 5's.  The early form "A" type vernier (zero centered) allows a reading to an accuracy of up to one arc minute, equating to about one nautical mile.  The flat brass index arm is the early unbraced form and measures 16 inches in length.  This instrument is complete with both peep sights, 3 mirror boxes and a full set of interchangeable sun filters, all in excellent condition.  Telling of its early age, this quadrant has a back sight feature.  The back sight was obsolete by the 1820's.  It is complete with its rarely-found ivory pencil for recording readings on the trapezoidal ivory note pad on the back.  Remarkably, it comes complete with its stepped pinewood keystone box.  The lid of the box contains the partial label "H. GATTEY, NEW YORK Mathematical, Optical, and Philofophical (sic) Instrument Maker. (from London)"  The box measures 17 inches long by 15 inches wide and 4 inches thick.  Interestingly, many original sighting notations are written on the interior of the box in chalk and in pencil.  Unusually fine condition for an instrument of this age.  Over 240 years old!   There is some wear and minor losses to the box, but overall it is very sound.  The instrument itself is especially nice, totally complete, unmodified original condition.  Circa 1770.   Price Request

Henry Gattey was listed as a Mathematical Instrument maker working at 5 Windsor St., Bishopsgate, London in 1790.   (Gloria Clifton, Dictionary of British Scientific instrument Makers 1550-1851,"1993, Philip Wilson Publishers, London).  Note that this instrument clearly dates before 1790.

3.76 LOG TIMER.  Scarce, highly sought after authentic mid-19th century ship's sand glass timer used in conjunction with a chip log to determine the ship's speed underway.  This charming example is of 14 seconds duration and has round ends of turned oak with 4 painted pine support columns.  Its simplicity shouts "American," since French and English examples from the era were more ornate and made of exotic woods.  The glass is of one piece, hand-blown construction with a cloth plug in one end.  It contains iron filings, the standard as used in the 1850's.  It measures exactly 3 inches in diameter and 4 ¾ inches tall.  Excellent original condition, fully functional and showing great age but no abuse.  SOLD

3.75/5.88  U.S. NAVY INCLINOMETER.  Scarce World War II ship's pilot house clinometer from a U.S. Naval fighting ship.  This "pendulum" heel and list indicator is not nearly as common as the liquid-filled tube and ball type.  The Bakelite body is incised:

It features a blackened solid brass pendulum bob with indicator tip sweeping over a scale divided by single degrees marked by 10's up to 70 degrees port and starboard.  12 inches wide by 7 inches high.  Excellent original condition showing good age but no damage.  The pendulum swings freely and is very accurate.  395

3.81  MARINER's QUADRANT.  Very rare, highly desirable 18th century navigational device known as a quadrant, or alternatively "octant."  This early example is patterned after John Hadley's double reflecting quadrant first introduced in 1731.  It is an extraordinary instrument which has limbs of mahogany with brass furniture and a finely engraved boxwood scale inlaid into the large arc.  The scale is divided from 0 to 90 degrees, or one quarter of a circle, hence the designation "quad"rant.  The degrees are marked by 5's.  Each degree is sub-divided into 20 arc minute segments, with diagonal lines cutting across 10 concentric circles.  With this arrangement the index arm and its ivory "line of faith" can provide a reading to an accuracy of 2 arc minutes, interpolated to 1 arc minute.  Below the diagonal scale is a second linear scale divided into single degrees and subdivided to 20 arc minutes.  These precise divisions are quite remarkable considering they were hand-done, before the advent of the mechanical dividing engine!  To attain such accuracy the instrument was necessarily large.  The index arm is slightly over 18 1/2 inches in length and the scale is 15 inches wide.  The quadrant is equipped with an index mirror and horizon mirror, a set of three pivoting filters, and a peep sight with pivoting shade.  It has a blank ivory nameplate in the cross brace.  On the reverse are three brass "feet" and the horizon mirror box adjusting assembly.  The index arm stop is a single brass thumb screw.  There is no fine adjustment feature on these early instruments.  Condition is remarkably excellent for a working device which saw sea service over 260 years ago!  A true museum piece! Price Request

The search for "The longitude" in early 18th century England was encouraged by the Board of Longitude which offered a massive prize of £30,000 for the solution.  It spurred much innovative interest in celestial navigation.  In May 1731 John Hadley, an English mathematician, presented a paper to his fellow members of the Royal Society in London describing the use of a double reflecting quadrant or "octant."  His quadrant was based on the principle of light reflection and angles of incidence that were described by Robert Hooke, Isaac Newton, and Edmund Halley in the previous century.  The principle is that when the angle described by an observed celestial object is seen through a double reflection, that angle is condensed in half between the two reflecting surfaces.  Thus Hadley's quadrant, reading to 90°, had an arc of only 45°, or one eighth of a circle, making it an "octant."  Basically the instrument consisted of a triangular wooden frame with a swinging index arm pivoted at the apex.  A mirror was fixed at that point which would move with the arm.  A second mirror, half of which was transparent so that the user could view the horizon, was fixed to one limb and a sight was attached to the opposite limb.  A precise scale, calibrated in degrees, was scribed on the arc of the bottom limb of the triangle, across which the index arm moved.  This continued to be the basic form of angle measuring navigational instruments for the next 250 years, and still remains, even with the advent of GPS!
    
Quite independently of Hadley, Thomas Godfrey, a Philadelphia glazier and an acquaintance of Benjamin Franklin, devised an improved altitude measuring device based on the same principle over a year earlier.  The instrument was tested in the Sloop TRUEMAN on a voyage to Jamaica and Newfoundland from 1730-1731.  The Royal Society recognized the equal contributions of both men and awarded them a prize of £200 each.  Godfrey also received a prize from the Board of Longitude (of chronometer fame) for his work.  However it was Hadley who received the most credit for the invention.

The improvements in navigation of the Hadley quadrant or "octant" as it came to be known, over previous instruments was immense.  Not only was it more accurate, it provided simplicity of operation and the ability to "capture" the object being sighted for rapid, multiple sightings.  The merits of the quadrant were immediately noticed by the British Admiralty and it was quickly put into commercial production.  Even so, the instrument did not find popular acceptance and general use amongst traditionally minded mariners until after 1750.

The earliest Hadley quadrants, like backstaves, were constructed of walnut or other indigenous woods, with the scales being engraved on boxwood (although examples on brass do exist). With the discovery and growing importation of exotic woods such as African mahogany around 1750, the use of mahogany was quickly implemented, gradually giving way to the exclusive use of ebony and ultimately brass.

From the article "Evolution of the Sextant" by Rod Cardoza
http://westsea.com/captains-log/evolutionofthesextant.html

3.66  DAVIS QUADRANT.  Very rare, highly sought after authentic late 17th century or very early 18th century mariner's navigational device known as a Davis Quadrant or alternatively "Backstaff."  The backstaff name was given to the instrument which measured the altitude of the sun as projected by its shadow on a scale held by the observer with his back to the sun.  The idea for measuring the sun's altitude using back observations originated with Thomas Harriot.  Many such instruments evolved from the earlier crosstaff, but only the Davis quadrant (1594) remained dominant in the evolution of navigational instruments.  As such, the Davis quadrant is synonymous with the backstaff.   This ancient maritime instrument is made of two hardwoods, one being rare boxwood (prized for its homogeneous grain) for the scales and the other a fruitwood such as pear or apple for the sturdy limbs.  It bears two engraved arc scales.  The large arc is calibrated with the early form diagonal scale reading in degrees left to right 0 - 25 calibrated in 20 arc minute segments, marked by 5's and further divided  to 2 arc minutes on the diagonal scale.  The small arc reads from 0 degrees at the top down to 62 degrees divided by single degrees and marked by 5's.  The back edge of the arc is also calibrated in degrees from 0 - 60 marked by 5's.  The observed altitude comprised the sum of the readings of the two scales.  This instrument is unusually well-decorated with inlaid brass diamonds at the joints and a myriad of stars, fleur-de-lis and herringbone designs.  These all harken back to the time when such an instrument was considered a work of art in addition to being utilitarian.  This example retains its rarely-found horizon vane.  The scales and the vane show evidence of worming that was prevalent in 18th century Europe. This is actually a good sign of its age.  The limbs of this instrument are free of such worming, indicating the construction of two different woods.  There is a large blank ivory maker's plate inlaid near the brace.  25 inches long on the longest limb.  14 ¼ inches wide on the large arc by ¾ inches thick.  The horizon vane is exactly 5 inches wide and 2 inches high.  Definitely a museum piece! Price Request

Captain John Davis invented his version of the backstaff in 1594.  However, Davis was neither the first nor the last to design such an instrument.  Davis was a navigator who was familiar with the instruments of his day such as the mariner's astrolabe, quadrant and backstaff.   Noting the drawbacks of the various instruments to date, he proposed a new instrument which could reduce the inherent shortcomings and increase the ease and accuracy by which a navigator could obtain a solar sighting.  This is such an example.

3.42    NAVIGATOR’s RULES.   A very nice example of late 19th century rolling parallel rules made by the well-known English maker “J.A. Nicholl & Co.” as impressed in the top of the rule.  This substantial, highly accurate navigational instrument is made of brass with a boxwood body.  It consists of a heavy brass axel connected to knurled rollers on each end.  These move freely allowing the rules to run over the face of a chart parallel to the course line.  To assist the navigator in plotting, knurled brass knobs are provided on each end of the rules.  This precision device is housed in its high quality mahogany box with machine dovetailing and interior felt supports.  Two brass hook and eye closures insure the contents are secure.  The rules measure 18 inches long by 2 ½ inches wide.  Unlike trapezoidal parallel rulers, the extent of this ruler’s travel is endless.  The box measures 19 inches long by 3 ¼ inches wide and 1 7/8 inches thick.  Outstanding original condition in all respects.  249

J. A. Nicholl worked from 1848-1901+.  In 1865 his address was 42 Stanhope Street, London and from 1885 onward it was 153 High Holborn, London WC.  He was known to have made and sold protractors.  (Gloria Clifton, “Dictionary of British Scientific Instrument Makers 1550-1851,”

3.92  RARE HISTORIC MINIATURE SEXTANT.   Truly extraordinary, mid-1800s presentation sextant made by one of England’s most elite makers!  This delightful little instrument is signed on the large arc in perfect hand-engraved script, “Troughton & Simms, London.”  Of all brass construction with a V-shaped frame, the sextant has an inlaid silver arc reading from -5 to 160 degrees, effectively making it a quintant.  Incredibly, these divisions along with the vernier scale on the index arm, allow this sextant to match the accuracy of it larger cousins, down to 20 arc seconds!  A pivoting magnifier is provided for taking the reading.  The index arm has a miniaturized version of a thumb screw stop and tangential fine adjust.  The sextant is complete with its 2 horizon filters and 2 index filters in perfect condition.  The index mirror and horizon mirror are in beautiful condition.  The whole presentation is totally complete in its shaped rich mahogany box.  The octagonal ebony handle screws into the frame with a secure fit.  There are two optics, a peep and a telescope which fit into the height-adjustable sight holder.  Rounding out the accessories, there are both sight tube filters, mirror adjustment tool, and the functional skeleton key for the brass lock.  Of monumental importance for its value and appeal is the beautifully-hand-engraved  presentation on sterling silver inlaid into the top of the box.  It reads, “Presented at the Public Examination on the 13th of June 1851 to Gentleman Cadet, Henry Goodwyn by the Honble Court of Directors of the East India Company, as a mark of the Courts approbation of his attainments in Mathematics while at the Military Seminary.”  The overall presentation is nothing short of phenomenal for an instrument 166 years old!  Totally complete and virtually in the same condition when it was made.   All surfaces are in their original bright brass lacquer finish.  This is a nautical gem of the highest order, if ever there was one!  Most certainly worthy of the finest world class collection and/or museum.  5350

The East India Company, also known as the Honourable East India Company or the British East India Company was formed to pursue trade with the "East Indies" (present-day Southeast Asia), but ended up trading mainly with Qing China and controling the Indian subcontinent.

Originally chartered as the "Governor and Company of Merchants of London trading into the East Indies", the Company accounted for half of the world's trade  in basic commodities such as cotton, silk, indigo dye, salt, saltpeter (for gun powder), tea, and opium. The Company was also instrumental in the founding of the British Empire in India.

The Company received a Royal Charter from Queen Elizabeth I on December 31, 1600, making it the oldest among several similarly formed European East India Companies. Wealthy merchants and aristocrats owned the Company's shares, but the government owned no shares and had only indirect control.

During its first century of its operation, the Company's focus was on trade, not the building an empire in India. But early in the 18th century when the Mughal Empire began to decline, Company interests turned from trade to territory as the East India Company competed with its counterpart, the French East India Company.
By 1803, at the height of its rule in India, the Company had a private army of about 260,000, twice the size of the British Army! The Company eventually came to rule large areas of India with its private armies, exercising military power and assuming administrative functions.  Company rule in India effectively began in 1757 and lasted until 1858. But following the Indian Rebellion of 1857, the resulting Government of India Act 1858 led the British Crown to assume direct control of the Indian subcontinent in the form of the new British Raj.

Despite frequent governmental intervention, the Company's on-going financial problems finally led to its dissolution in 1874.